Background Climate change presents an imminent threat to almost all biological systems
across the globe. In recent years there have been a series of studies showing how changes …

Parasites, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists, helminths, and arthropods, are
ubiquitous in the animal kingdom. Consequently, hosts are frequently infected with more …

Variation among animals in their host-associated microbial communities is increasingly
recognized as a key determinant of important life history traits including growth, metabolism …

Abstract The people of New York have long benefited from the state's diversity of
ecosystems, which range from coastal shorelines and wetlands to extensive forests and …

Aquatic viruses are naturally present in the aquatic environment and the number of viruses
is staggering. Various multicellular organisms in aquatic ecosystems may be infected, cross …

Infectious disease outbreaks emerged across the globe during the recent 2015–2016 El
Niño event, re-igniting research interest in how climate events influence disease dynamics …

The frequency and severity of both extreme thermal events and disease outbreaks are
predicted to continue to shift as a consequence of global change. As a result, species …

The order Piroplasmida encompasses tick-borne pathogens of veterinary and medical
importance positioned in two main families: Babesiidae and Theileriidae. Even though …

The commercial trade in frogs and their body parts is global, dynamic and occurs in
extremely large volumes (in the thousands of tonnes/yr or billions of frogs/yr). The European …

Emerging infectious diseases have resulted in severe population declines across diverse
taxa. In some instances, despite attributes associated with high extinction risk, disease …