Abstract The alkaloid L-(−)-scopolamine [L-(−)-hyoscine] competitively inhibits muscarinic
receptors for acetylcholine and acts as a nonselective muscarinic antagonist, producing both …

This work reviews the neuropharmacology of the vestibular system, with an emphasis on the
mechanism of action of drugs used in the treatment of vestibular disorders. Otolaryngologists …

A transdermal therapeutic system for scopolamine (TTS-S) was developed to counter the
adverse effects and short duration of action that has restricted the usefulness of scopolamine …

Type I vestibular hair cells have large K+ currents that, like neuronal M currents, activate
negative to resting potential and are modulatable. In rodents, these currents are acquired …

Nausea and vomiting are common gastrointestinal complaints which could be triggered by
stimuli in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. They may be considered as …

Electrical stimulation of the mammalian efferent vestibular system (EVS) predominantly
excites primary vestibular afferents along two distinct time scales. Although roles for …

It has been over 60 years since peripheral efferent vestibular terminals were first identified in
mammals, and yet the function of the efferent vestibular system remains obscure. One …

Stimulation of vestibular efferent neurons excites calyx and dimorphic (CD) afferents. This
excitation consists of fast and slow components that differ> 100-fold in activation kinetics and …

During development of vestibular hair cells, K+ conductances are acquired in a specific
pattern. Functionally mature vestibular hair cells express different complements of K+ …

This work reviews the neuropharmacology of the vestibular system, with an emphasis on the
mechanism of action of drugs used in the treatment of vestibular disorders. Clinicians are …