The omnipresence of risk prevails in almost every aspect of human life. Individuals and
societal factors are pivotal in the decision-making process to judge acceptability and …

Each safety-related function must be implemented with a defined safety integrity level (SIL) if
the control system implements safety-related functions (SFs) in addition to the standard …

This book provides professionals and students with practical guidance for the development
of safety-critical computer-based systems. It covers important aspects ranging from …

Indian reactors traditionally adopted 2-out-of-3 (2oo3) architecture for safety systems. But,
contemporary reactor safety systems are employing 2-out-of-4 (2oo4) architecture in spite of …

ABSTRACT Instrumentation & Control (I&C) systems in a reactor provide protection against
unsafe operation during steady-state and transient power operations. Indian reactors …

The development of computer-based systems (CBS) for safety-critical applications is
challenging, and it can even be intimidating for a beginner to figure out the right path to go …

In this chapter, we examine the dependability of a safety system attributed to its architecture.
In order to do so, we resort to an instrumentation and control (I&C) system that facilitates a …

Risk analysis helps to estimate the level of risk of a given situation, and to determine if the
risk is acceptable, tolerable, or unacceptable. At this stage, the consideration of individual or …

In many cases, an interlocking system is required not only to dispose with the high safety
integrity level, but also with high availability. Therefore, many manufacturers realize the …