The current review summarizes scientific knowledge concerning sex differences in world-
record performance and the influence of sport discipline and competition duration. In …

Aim: To review current cycling-related sport-science literature to formulate guidelines to
classify female subject groups and to compare this classification system for female subject …

Optimizing mobility performance in wheelchair court sports (basketball, rugby and tennis) is
dependent on a combination of factors associated with the user, the wheelchair and the …

This brief review investigates how sex influences triathlon performance. Performance time
for both Olympic distance and Ironman distance triathlons, and physiological considerations …

Dietary nitrate (NO3−) is a widely used supplement purported to provide beneficial effects
during exercise. Most studies to date include predominantly males. Therefore, the present …

Abstract The International Olympic Committee (IOC) recently published a framework on
fairness, inclusion, and nondiscrimination on the basis of gender identity and sex variations …

Muscular efficiency during exercise has been used to interrogate aspects of human muscle
energetics, including mitochondrial coupling and biomechanical efficiencies. Typically …

Priorities for every athlete include improving endurance performance, optimizing training,
nutrition, and recovery. Nutritional strategies are crucial to support athletes to perform at the …

At extreme altitude (> 5,000–5,500 m), sustained hypoxia threatens human function and
survival, and is associated with marked involuntary weight loss (cachexia). This seems to be …

Methods We evaluated laboratory performance indicators in transgender and cisgender
women athletes using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning, handgrip strength …