Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4), mainly present in immune cells, epithelial cells, and brain
cells, manifests as an intracellular non-receptor enzyme that modulates inflammation and …

Irisin is a hormone-like molecule mainly released by skeletal muscles in response to
exercise. Irisin induces browning of the white adipose tissue and has been shown to …

Apremilast, an oral small molecule inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4), is in
development for chronic inflammatory disorders, and has shown efficacy in psoriasis …

The cyclic AMP/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) pathway is one of the most common and
versatile signal pathways in eukaryotic cells. A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) target …

Phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4 is a superfamily of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of cyclic
adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cAMP), an intracellular second messenger and regulator …

Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a superfamily of enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of
cAMP and/or cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP) to their inactive form. PDE4 is the …

Introduction: Some inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients especially those with
refractory Crohn's disease (CD) or relapsing ulcerative colitis (UC) do not respond to current …

Background & Aims Crohn's disease is a highly heterogeneous inflammatory bowel disease
comprising multiple clinical phenotypes. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have …

Background: Phosphodiesterase inhibitors are commonly used drugs. Specific
phosphodiesterase inhibitors with anti-inflammatory properties are being assessed as …

The number and diversity of potentially performance-enhancing substances is continuously
growing, fueled by new pharmaceutical developments but also by the inventiveness and, at …