Heavy metals is a collective term describing metals and metalloids with a density higher
than 5 g/cm3. Some of them are essential micronutrients; others do not play a positive role in …

Bacteria power their energy metabolism using membrane-bound respiratory enzymes that
capture chemical energy and transduce it by pumping protons or Na+ ions across their cell …

Cyanobacteria and algae having complex photosynthetic systems can channelize absorbed
solar energy into other forms of energy for production of food and metabolites. In addition …

It was once widely held that nearly all reactions in biology were catalyzed via mechanisms
involving paired electron species. Beginning approximately 40 years ago, this paradigm was …

Major insights into the phylogenetic distribution, biochemistry, and evolutionary significance
of organelles involved in ATP synthesis (energy metabolism) in eukaryotes that thrive in …

Covering: up to mid-2020 Terpenoids, also called isoprenoids, are the largest and most
structurally diverse family of natural products. Found in all domains of life, there are over 80 …

Energy conversion of sunlight by photosynthetic organisms has changed Earth and life on it.
Photosynthesis arose early in Earth's history, and the earliest forms of photosynthetic life …

This review focuses on key components of respiratory and photosynthetic energy-
transduction systems: the cytochrome bc 1 and b 6 f (Cyt bc 1/b 6 f) membranous …

Recent reports have attributed the potential health benefits of vitamin K beyond its function
to activate hepatic coagulation factors. Moreover, several studies have suggested that …

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the main cause of chronic liver disease in the
Western world and a major health problem, owing to its close association with obesity …