Most marine invertebrate larvae either obligately feed or depend on maternally provided
reserves during planktonic development. A small number of species have the capacity to do …

Ocean acidification (OA) presents a unique challenge to early life stages of marine species.
Developing organisms must balance the need to grow rapidly with the energetic demands of …

Rising temperatures have important consequences for somatic growth, but observed
relationships between temperature and growth can vary in both magnitude and direction …

Development of some animals is influenced by and, in some cases, dependent on the
associated microbiota. The timing of when associated bacterial communities are established …

Growth and development of planktotrophic larvae are dependent on food availability within a
nutritionally heterogeneous ocean. Insufficient food can reduce growth and delay …

Rates of development of the feeding larvae of marine invertebrates may often be limited by
inadequate food, extending the length of the larval period and increasing overall larval …

Food-induced morphological plasticity, a type of developmental plasticity, is a well-
documented phenomenon in larvae of the echinoid echinoderm, Dendraster excentricus. A …

In recent years, low-salinity events characterized by high temperatures (18–23° C) and low-
salinity waters (20‰–22‰) have increased during late spring and summer, when many …

Morphological plasticity is an adaptive response to heterogenous environments when a
fitness advantage is conferred. Larval sea urchins, for example, are hypothesized to …

The form of the cyphonautes larva of bryozoans changes little during development. The
ciliated band that generates the feeding current increases nearly in proportion to body …