Individuals addicted to drugs of abuse such as alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, and heroin are a
significant burden on healthcare systems all over the world. The positive reinforcing …

Tobacco use is a major economic and health problem. It is particularly concerning that
women consume more tobacco products, have a more difficult time quitting smoking, and …

Environmental stimuli are powerful mediators of craving and relapse in substance‐abuse
disorders. This review examined how animal models have been used to investigate the …

The use of tobacco products represents a major public health concern, especially among
women. Epidemiological data have consistently demonstrated that women have less …

Clinical and preclinical research have identified sex differences in substance use and
addiction-related behaviors. Historically, substance use disorders are more prevalent in men …

The study of sex as a biological variable is a necessary emphasis across a wide array of
endpoints, including basic neuroscience, medicine, mental health, physiology and behavior …

Nicotine addiction is a major public health problem, resulting in primary glutamatergic
dysfunction. We measured the glutamate receptor binding in the human brain and provided …

Animal models of addictive behaviors are useful for uncovering neural mechanisms involved
in the development of dependence and for identifying risk factors for drug abuse. One such …

Nicotine plays an important role in the initiation and maintenance of tobacco smoking.
Importantly, chronic nicotine exposure alters the function of brain reward systems, resulting …

Adolescence is the developmental epoch during which children become adults—
intellectually, physically, hormonally and socially. Brain development in critical areas is …