Background: A global problem of multi-drug resistance (MDR) among bacteria is the cause
of hundreds of thousands of deaths every year. In response to the significant increase of …

Tripartite efflux pumps and the related type 1 secretion systems (T1SSs) in Gram-negative
organisms are diverse in function, energization, and structural organization. They form …

The global emergence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria is a growing threat to
antibiotic therapy. The chromosomally encoded drug efflux mechanisms that are ubiquitous …

Bacterial multidrug efflux pumps are antibiotic resistance determinants present in all
microorganisms. With few exceptions, they are chromosomally encoded and present a …

Quinolone antimicrobials are synthetic and widely used in clinical medicine. Resistance
emerged with clinical use and became common in some bacterial pathogens. Mechanisms …

Quinolone antimicrobials are widely used in clinical medicine and are the only current class
of agents that directly inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis. Quinolones dually target DNA gyrase …

Bacterial multidrug efflux pumps have come to prominence in human and veterinary
pathogenesis because they help bacteria protect themselves against the antimicrobials …

The substantial use of antibiotics in the clinic, combined with a dearth of new antibiotic
classes, has led to a gradual increase in the resistance of bacterial pathogens to these …

Gram-negative bacteria express a plethora of efflux pumps that are capable of transporting
structurally varied molecules, including antibiotics, out of the bacterial cell. This efflux lowers …

Despite over 30 years of research, campylobacteriosis is the most prevalent foodborne
bacterial infection in many countries including in the European Union and the United States …