Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis
and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in …

Astrocyte Ca2+ signalling has been proposed to link neuronal information in different spatial–
temporal dimensions to achieve a higher level of brain integration. However, some …

Glia are as numerous in the brain as neurons and widely known to serve supportive roles
such as structural scaffolding, extracellular ionic and neurotransmitter homeostasis, and …

Astrocytes are housekeepers of the central nervous system (CNS) and are important for
CNS development, homeostasis and defence. They communicate with neurones and other …

J. Neurochem.(2012) 121, 4–27. Abstract Neuroglial cells define brain homeostasis and
mount defense against pathological insults. Astroglia regulate neurogenesis and …

In the past 20 years, an extra layer of information processing, in addition to that provided by
neurons, has been proposed for the CNS. Neuronally evoked increases of the intracellular …

Synaptic plasticity is the capacity of a preexisting connection between two neurons to
change in strength as a function of neural activity. Because synaptic plasticity is the major …

Astroglial cells were long considered as structural and metabolic supporting cells are which
do not directly participate in information processing in the brain. Discoveries of …

Glutamatergic gliotransmission provides a stimulatory input to excitatory synapses in the
hippocampal dentate gyrus. Here, we show that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) critically …

Communication between neuronal and glial cells is important for many brain functions.
Astrocytes can modulate synaptic strength via Ca2+-stimulated release of various …