The responses of microorganisms (viruses, bacterial cells, bacterial and fungal spores, and
lichens) to selected factors of space (microgravity, galactic cosmic radiation, solar UV …

Tissues and organs provide the structural and biochemical landscapes upon which
microbial pathogens and commensals function to regulate health and disease. While flat two …

Spaceflight and ground-based microgravity analog experiments have suggested that
microgravity can affect microbial growth and metabolism. Although the effects of microgravity …

Microbial research in space is being conducted for almost 50 years now. The closed system
of the International Space Station (ISS) has acted as a microbial observatory for the past 10 …

The opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus encounters a wide variety of fluid shear
levels within the human host, and they may play a key role in dictating whether this organism …

Microorganisms perform countless tasks on Earth and they are expected to be essential for
human space exploration. Despite the interest in the responses of bacteria to space …

Space microbiology studies date back to the 1960s, with most investigations reporting that
increased bacterial populations occur in flight compared to ground controls. Several …

Water is not only essential to sustain life on Earth, but also is a crucial resource for long-
duration deep space exploration and habitation. Current systems in space rely on the …

From the start of life on Earth, several immune defense mechanisms have evolved to
guarantee cellular integrity, homeostasis, and host survival. All these sophisticated balances …

Microorganisms impact spaceflight in a variety of ways. They play a positive role in
biological systems, such as waste water treatment but can be problematic through buildups …