SARS-CoV-2 viral load and detection of infectious virus in the respiratory tract are the two
key parameters for estimating infectiousness. As shedding of infectious virus is required for …

A large body of evidence generated in the last two and a half years addresses the roles of T
cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection and following vaccination. Infection or vaccination induces …

Importance The incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, including among individuals who have
received 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine, increased substantially following the emergence of …

Background Spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
B. 1.1. 529 (omicron) variant, which led to increased US hospitalizations for coronavirus …

The heterogeneity of the SARS-CoV-2 immune responses has become considerably more
complex over time and diverse immune imprinting is observed in vaccinated individuals …

Robust T cell responses have been associated with milder outcomes in many infections. T
cells also establish long-term memory pools and, as they are predominantly directed toward …

There has been an important change in the clinical characteristics and immune profile of
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients during the pandemic thanks to the …

Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the medical field has been forced to apply the
basic knowledge of immunology with the most up-to-date SARS-CoV-2 findings and …

Life-threatening “breakthrough” cases of critical COVID-19 are attributed to poor or waning
antibody (Ab) response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in individuals already at risk. Preexisting …

Background The COVID-19 pandemic affected everyone around the globe. Depending on
the country, there have been different restrictive epidemiologic measures and also different …