Metastatic dissemination of solid tumors, a leading cause of cancer-related mortality,
underscores the urgent need for enhanced insights into the molecular and cellular …

Extracellular signal-related kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) are the final components of the
mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation cascade, an integral module in a …

RAF family kinases were among the first oncoproteins to be described more than 30 years
ago. They primarily act as signalling relays downstream of RAS, and their close ties to …

ERK1 and ERK2 are related protein-serine/threonine kinases that participate in the Ras-Raf-
MEK-ERK signal transduction cascade. This cascade participates in the regulation of a large …

The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade is a central pathway that transmits
signals from many extracellular agents to regulate cellular processes such as proliferation …

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is a member of the mitogen-activated protein
kinase family of signaling molecules. ERK is predominantly found in two forms, ERK1 (p44) …

The ERK signaling cascade is a central MAPK pathway that plays a role in the regulation of
various cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, development, learning …

Although we have amassed extensive catalogues of signalling network components, our
understanding of the spatiotemporal control of emergent network structures has lagged …

The pathway from Ras through Raf and MEK (MAPK and ERK kinase) to ERK/MAPK
(extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase) regulates many …

First identified in the early 1980s as retroviral oncogenes, the Raf proteins have been the
objects of intense research. The discoveries 10 years later that the Raf family members (Raf …