Morphogens are long-range signaling molecules that pattern developing tissues in a
concentration-dependent manner. The graded activity of morphogens within tissues …

Decapentaplegic (Dpp), the fly homolog of the secreted mammalian BMP2/4 signaling
molecules, is involved in almost all aspects of fly development. Dpp has critical functions at …

Extracellular signaling molecules have crucial roles in development and homeostasis, and
their incorrect deployment can lead to developmental defects and disease states. Signaling …

The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling pathway is critical for embryonic
development and tissue homeostasis, and impaired BMP signalling has been implicated in …

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are a class of carbohydrate-modified proteins
involved in key biological processes, including growth factor signaling, cell adhesion, and …

In the mid-1960s, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) were first identified in the extracts of
bone to have the remarkable ability to induce heterotopic bone. When the Drosophila gene …

Filopodia are cellular protrusions that have been implicated in many types of
mechanosensory activities. Morphogens are signaling proteins that regulate the patterned …

How mechanisms of pattern formation evolve has remained a central research theme in the
field of evolutionary and developmental biology. The mechanism of wing vein differentiation …

The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family ligand decapentaplegic (Dpp) plays critical
roles in wing vein development during pupal stages in Drosophila. However, how the …

The TGF-β pathway is an evolutionarily conserved signal transduction module that mediates
diverse biological processes in animals. In Drosophila, both the BMP and Activin branches …