Oxygen in the atmosphere is a crucial component for life-sustaining aerobic respiration in
humans. Approximately 95% of oxygen is consumed as energy and ultimately becomes …

Selenium is a vital trace element present as selenocysteine (Sec) in proteins that are, thus,
known as selenoproteins. Humans have 25 selenoproteins, most of which are functionally …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known mediators of intracellular signaling cascades.
Excessive production of ROS may, however, lead to oxidative stress, loss of cell function …

The tumor suppressor PTEN regulates cell migration, growth, and survival by removing the
3′-phosphate of phosphoinositides. Exposure of purified PTEN or of cells to H 2 O 2 …

BACKGROUND: Thioredoxin systems, involving redox active thioredoxins and thioredoxin
reductases, sustain a number of important thioredoxin-dependent pathways. These systems …

The thioredoxin system plays a key role in regulating the overall intracellular redox balance.
It basically comprises the small redox protein thioredoxin (Trx), nicotinamide adenine …

Acting as a signal, hydrogen peroxide circumvents antioxidant defense by overoxidizing
peroxiredoxins (Prxs), the enzymes that metabolize peroxides. We show that sestrins, a …

Recent identification of new selenocysteine-containing proteins has revealed relationships
between the two trace elements selenium (Se) and iodine and the hormone network …

Significance: All cells must maintain a balance between oxidants and reductants, while
allowing for fluctuations in redox states triggered by signaling, altered metabolic flow, or …

The thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) isoenzymes, TrxR1 in cytosol or nucleus and TrxR2 in
mitochondria, are essential mammalian selenocysteine (Sec)-containing flavoenzymes with …