The pure-tone audiogram, though fundamental to audiology, presents limitations, especially
in the case of central auditory involvement. Advances in auditory neuroscience underscore …

Immune‐mediated inner ear disease can be primary, when the autoimmune response is
against the inner ear, or secondary. The latter is characterized by the involvement of the ear …

Myelin allows for the rapid and precise timing of action potential propagation along neuronal
circuits and is essential for healthy auditory system function. In this article, we discuss what …

Abstract To evaluate whether Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss (S-SNHL) may be an
early symptom of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). A systematic review was conducted using the …

Hearing loss is a significant problem that affects at least 15% of the population. This
percentage, however, is likely significantly higher because of a variety of auditory disorders …

The auditory brainstem response (ABR), consisting of five to six vertex-positive peaks with
separation of about 0.8 ms, is very sensitive to factors that affect conduction velocity and …

Sjögren's syndrome (SS) or sicca syndrome was described by Swedish ophthalmologist
Sjögren in the year 1933 for the first time. The etiology of the SS is multifunctional and …

Dizziness, postural instability, and ataxia are among the most debilitating symptoms of
multiple sclerosis (MS), reflecting, in large part, dysfunctional integration of visual …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease that is both a focal inflammatory and a chronic
neurodegenerative disease. The focal inflammatory component is characterized by …

The auditory system detects and encodes sound information with high precision to provide a
high‐fidelity representation of the environment and communication. In mammals, detection …