Throughout their life span, plants confront an endless barrage of pathogens and pests. To
successfully defend against biotic threats, plants have evolved a complex immune system …

Plants have evolved a set of finely regulated mechanisms to respond to various biotic
stresses. Transient changes in intracellular calcium (Ca2+) concentration have been well …

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling cascades play important roles in
eukaryotic defense against various pathogens. Activation of the extracellular ATP (eATP) …

Global crop production is greatly reduced by vascular diseases. These diseases include
bacterial blight of rice and crucifer black rot caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae …

Phosphatidic acid (PA) is a simple phospholipid observed in most organisms. PA acts as a
key metabolic intermediate and a second messenger that regulates many cell activities. In …

Cellobiose is the primary product of cellulose hydrolysis and is expected to function as a
type of pathogen/damage-associated molecular pattern in evoking plant innate immunity. In …

Magnaporthe oryzae snodprot1 homologous protein (MSP1) is known to function as a
pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) and trigger PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) …

Plants have evolved a sophisticated immunity system for specific detection of pathogens and
rapid induction of measured defences. Over‐or constitutive activation of defences would …

Ralstonia solanacearum is responsible for causing bacterial wilt (BW) disease in
solanaceous crops, leading to significant crop losses. The challenge in controlling this …

Phytophthora infestans causes severe losses in potato production. The MAPK kinase
StMKK1 was previously found to negatively regulate potato immunity to P. infestans. Our …