The brain's energy demands are remarkable both in their intensity and in their moment-to-
moment dynamic range. This perspective considers the evidence for Warburg-like aerobic …

Mitochondrial electron transport generates the ATP that is essential for the excitability and
survival of neurons, and the protein phosphorylation reactions that mediate synaptic …

Microglia are the main immune cells in the brain and have roles in brain homeostasis and
neurological diseases. Mechanisms underlying microglia–neuron communication remain …

Potential roles for lactate in the energetics of brain activation have changed radically during
the past three decades, shifting from waste product to supplemental fuel and signaling …

NADH is a key metabolic cofactor whose sensitive and specific detection in the cytosol of
live cells has been difficult. We constructed a fluorescent biosensor of the cytosolic NADH …

Mitochondria are central for various cellular processes that include ATP production,
intracellular Ca2+ signaling, and generation of reactive oxygen species. Neurons critically …

Mitochondria play a pivotal role in energy metabolism, programmed cell death and oxidative
stress. Mutated mitochondrial DNA in diseased cells compromises the structure of key …

The production of neurons from neural progenitor cells, the growth of axons and dendrites
and the formation and reorganization of synapses are examples of neuroplasticity. These …

We have found that two-photon fluorescence imaging of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
(NADH) provides the sensitivity and spatial three-dimensional resolution to resolve …

Neuronal activation is fundamental to information processing by the brain and requires
mitochondrial energy metabolism. Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake by the mitochondrial Ca2+ …