Cancer is characterized as a complex disease caused by coordinated alterations of multiple
signaling pathways. The Ras/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling is one of the best-defined …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways represent ubiquitous signal transduction
pathways that regulate all aspects of life and are frequently altered in disease. Here, we …

Metastatic dissemination of solid tumors, a leading cause of cancer-related mortality,
underscores the urgent need for enhanced insights into the molecular and cellular …

There has been huge progress in the discovery of targeted cancer therapies in recent years.
However, even for the most successful and impactful cancer drugs which have been …

The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling cascade is essential for cell inter-and intra-
cellular communication, which regulates fundamental cell functions such as growth, survival …

Abstract The RAF-MEK-ERK signaling cascade is a well-characterized MAPK pathway
involved in cell proliferation and survival. The three-layered MAPK signaling cascade is …

The most frequent adult-type primary CNS tumours are diffuse gliomas, but a large variety of
rarer CNS tumour types exists. The classification of these tumours is increasingly based on …

KRAS mutations occur in a quarter of all of human cancers, yet no selective drug has been
approved to treat these tumors. Despite the recent development of drugs that block KRAS …

Oncogenes that occur in≤ 5% of non-small-cell lung cancers have been defined as 'rare';
nonetheless, this frequency can correspond to a substantial number of patients diagnosed …

The MAPK pathway is one of the most commonly mutated oncogenic pathways in cancer.
Although RAS mutations are the most frequent MAPK alterations, less frequent alterations in …