Several enteric protozoa cause severe morbidity and mortality in both humans and animals
worldwide. In developed settings, enteric protozoa are often ignored as a cause of diarrheal …

Four epidemiological categories were initially devised for classifying water-related infectious
“diseases” with regard to the engineering technologies required to prevent or control them …

Hygienic and microbiological examinations of watercourses are usually not carried out
during heavy rainfall and runoff events. After rainfall or snowmelt, there are often massive …

The ecological and survival characteristics of bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens vary
under environmental conditions, indicating that probably no single indicator organism can …

The protozoan pathogens Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum are major causes of
waterborne enteric disease throughout the world. Improved detection methods that are very …

Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis are obligate enteric protozoan
parasites which infect the gastrointestinal tract of animals and humans. The mechanism (s) …

ABSTRACT A total of 139 surface water samples from seven lakes and 15 rivers in
southwestern Finland were analyzed during five consecutive seasons from autumn 2000 to …

This article discusses the value and limitations of using microbial indicators to predict
occurrence of enteric pathogens in water. Raw or treated sewage is a primary source of …

Traditionally, the detection of pathogens in water, wastewater, and other environmental
samples is restricted by the ability to culture such organisms from complex environmental …

Fecal contamination of surface waters is a critical water-quality issue, leading to human
illnesses and deaths. Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs), which set pollutant limits, are …