Abstract l-Tryptophan (Trp) metabolism through the kynurenine pathway (KP) is involved in
the regulation of immunity, neuronal function and intestinal homeostasis. Imbalances in Trp …

Based on its effects on both tumour cell intrinsic malignant properties as well as anti-tumour
immune responses, tryptophan catabolism has emerged as an important metabolic regulator …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a heterogenous autoimmune disease in which autoreactive
lymphocytes attack the myelin sheath of the central nervous system. B lymphocytes in the …

Niacin (also known as “vitamin B3” or “vitamin PP”) includes two vitamers (nicotinic acid and
nicotinamide) giving rise to the coenzymatic forms nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) …

Kynurenine (Kyn) pathway is a significant metabolic pathway of tryptophan (Trp). The
metabolites of the Kyn pathway are closely correlated with numerous diseases. Two main …

Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominantly inherited neurodegenerative
disorder caused by expanded CAG trinucleotide repeats (> 36) in exon 1 of HTT gene that …

The development of autoimmunity involves complex interactions between genetics and
environmental triggers. The gut microbiota is an important environmental constituent that …

Neurodegeneration is one of the driving forces behind the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis
(MS). Progression without activity, pathopsychological disturbances (cognitive impairment …

Abstract Tryptophan 2, 3-dioxygenase (TDO) is an enzyme that degrades tryptophan into
kynurenine and thereby induces immunosuppression. Like indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase …

l-tryptophan (Trp), an essential amino acid for mammals, is the precursor of a wide array of
immunomodulatory metabolites produced by the kynurenine and serotonin pathways. The …