In the retina, photoreceptors pass visual information to interneurons, which process it and
pass it to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Axons of RGCs then travel through the optic nerve …

Light has profoundly influenced the evolution of life on earth. As widely appreciated, light
enables us to generate images of our environment. However, light—through intrinsically …

We have identified a novel, sixth type of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell
(ipRGC) in the mouse—the M6 cell. Its spiny, highly branched dendritic arbor is bistratified …

Key points Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are a rare population
of retinal output neurons that drives subconscious physiological responses to light, eg …

Every aspect of visual perception and behavior is built from the neural activity of retinal
ganglion cells (RGCs), the output neurons of the eye. Here, we review progress toward …

Melanopsin is expressed in distinct types of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells
(ipRGCs), which drive behaviors from circadian photoentrainment to contrast detection. A …

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) combine direct photosensitivity
through melanopsin with synaptically mediated drive from classical photoreceptors through …

Light causes damage to the retina (phototoxicity) and decreases photoreceptor responses to
light. The most harmful component of visible light is the blue wavelength (400–500 nm) …

In this review, we summarize studies investigating the types and distribution of voltage-and
calcium-gated ion channels in the different classes of retinal neurons: rods, cones …

Environmental illumination spans many log units of intensity and is tracked for essential
functions that include regulation of the circadian clock, arousal state, and hormone levels …