Long-distance migratory birds are often considered extreme athletes, possessing a range of
traits that approach the physiological limits of vertebrate design. In addition, their movements …

This article provides a brief historical perspective on the integration of physiology into the
concept of the pace of life of birds, evaluates the fit of immune function into this framework …

A central hypothesis of eco-immunology proposes trade-offs between immune defences and
competing physiological and behavioural processes, leading to immunological variation …

Difference between sexes in parasitism is a common phenomenon among birds, which may
be related to differences between males and females in their investment into immune …

Agricultural intensification is one of the main threats to biodiversity. Farmland bird specialists
such as Montagu's harrier, Circus pygargus, are particularly at risk and declining …

Oxidative status and immune function are energy-demanding traits closely linked to diet
composition, particularly resource availability and nutritional value. In seasonal …

Abstract Species of Haemoproteus (Haemosporida, Haemoproteidae) are widespread and
often prevalent blood parasites of birds all over the word. They are particularly diverse in …

An effective immune response is expected to confer fitness benefits through improved
resistance to parasites but also incur energetic costs that negatively impact fitness-related …

Feather molt is recognized as an energetically costly activity for birds, and parasite
infestation during molt has the potential to reduce host fitness because parasites sequester …

Variation in demographic and physiological attributes of life history is thought to fall on one
single axis, a phenomenon termed the Pace‐of‐Life. A slow Pace‐of‐Life is characterized …