In 1978, we published two reviews on pain control mechanisms in the central nervous
system. One concentrated on brainstem control of spinal nociceptive neurons (Fields & …

Many see the periaqueductal gray (PAG) as a region responsible for the downstream control
of defensive reactions. Here we provide a detailed review of anatomical and functional data …

Placebo-induced expectancies have been shown to decrease pain in a manner reversible
by opioid antagonists, but little is known about the central brain mechanisms of opioid …

Inescapable foot shock in rats caused profound analgesia that was antagonized by
naloxone or dexamethasone when shock was delivered intermittently for 30 minutes, but not …

Neurostimulation therapy is indicated for neuropathic pain that is refractory to medical
treatment, and includes stimulation of the dorsal spinal cord, deep brain structures, and the …

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations are used as a surrogate measure of central
nervous system (CNS) availability of drugs. Systemically administered drugs can reach CSF …

3. II Limitations for immunocytochemistry 3.1. 2. Receptor autoradiography artifacts 3.2.
Transmitters and receptors distributed throughout different neurons 3.2. I. Transmitter is …

Opiomelanotropinergic cells in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary and in neurons in the
brain secrete at least 7 peptides related to melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) and β …

Extensive evidence has indicated that distinct neural systems specifically designed to inhibit
sensitivity to painful stimuli exist. Recent advances suggest that the endorphins, enkephalins …

Probably the most familiar and intensively studied property of synthetic opioids and their
naturally occurring counterparts, the endogenous opioid peptides (endorphins), is their …