Physical activity, by definition, is any skeletal muscle body movement that results in energy
expenditure. In the last few decades, a plethora of scientific evidences have accumulated …

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other inflammatory joint diseases (IJDs) have an
increased risk of premature death compared with the general population, mainly because of …

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the immune system are deeply interrelated. The
ANS regulates both innate and adaptive immunity through the sympathetic and …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic immuno-mediated disease primarily affecting the
joints, characterized by persistent high-grade systemic inflammation. Cardiovascular …

Neural reflex circuits regulate cytokine release to prevent potentially damaging inflammation
and maintain homeostasis. In the inflammatory reflex, sensory input elicited by infection or …

Huston JM, Tracey KJ (Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Trauma,
Surgical Critical Care, and Burns, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Health Sciences …

Imbalance in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) has been observed in many established
chronic autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which is a prototypic …

Objectives Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory condition with increased all-
cause and cardiovascular mortality. Accumulating evidence indicates that the immune and …

Neuronal stimulation is an emerging field of research focused on the management and
treatment of various diseases through the reestablishment of physiological homeostasis …

Background Heart rate variability (HRV) is a validated method to establish autonomic
nervous system (ANS) activity. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is accompanied by ANS …