Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder
associated with a loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Despite symptomatic therapies, there …

To date, molecular genetic analyses have identified over 500 distinct DNA variants in five
disease genes associated with familial Parkinson disease; α‐synuclein (SNCA), parkin …

Objective Parkinson disease is characterized by motor and nonmotor symptoms, reduced
striatal dopamine signaling, and loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. It is now …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder with prominent loss of
nigro‐striatal dopaminergic neurons. The resultant dopamine (DA) deficiency underlies the …

Background: Huntington disease (HD) is characterized by the progressive death of medium
spiny dopamine receptor bearing striatal GABAergic neurons. In addition, microglial …

The motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease are predominantly due to progressive
degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons. In most cases there is a substantial …

Several mutations in PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) gene have been reported to
be associated with recessive parkinsonism. The encoded protein is predicted to be a Ser/Thr …

Parkinson disease (PD) is associated with nigral degeneration and striatal dopamine
deficiency. Demonstrating midbrain structural abnormalities with transcranial sonography or …

Dopamine receptors are abundant along the central nigrostriatal tract and are expressed as
5 subtypes in two receptor families. In PD, compensatory changes in dopamine receptors …

Until 10 years ago, conventional wisdom held that Parkinson's disease was not a genetic
disorder. Since that time, there have been a plethora of genetic findings, culminating in the …