Bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) have emerged as novel and promising platforms for
the development of vaccines and immunotherapeutic strategies against infectious and …

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are released spontaneously during growth by many Gram‐
negative bacteria. They present a range of surface antigens in a native conformation and …

Traditional vaccines, based on the administration of killed or attenuated microorganisms,
have proven to be among the most effective methods for disease prevention. Safety issues …

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are naturally non-replicating, highly immunogenic
spherical nanoparticles derived from Gram-negative bacteria. OMVs from pathogenic …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell membrane‐derived compartments that spontaneously
secrete from a wide range of cells and tissues. EVs have shown to be the carriers in …

Bacterial or fungal membrane vesicles, traditionally considered as microbial metabolic
wastes, are secreted mainly from the outer membrane or cell membrane of microorganisms …

As the dawn of the postantibiotic era we approach, antibacterial vaccines are becoming
increasingly important for managing bacterial infection and reducing the need for antibiotics …

Traditional vaccination approaches (eg live attenuated or killed microorganisms) are among
the most effective means to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. These approaches …

Today, vaccinologists have come to understand that the hallmark of any protective immune
response is the antigen. However, it is not the whole antigen that dictates the immune …

Novel and more effective immunization strategies against many animal diseases may profit
from the current knowledge on the modulation of specific immunity through stimulation of …