In the contexts of aging, injury, or neuroinflammation, activated microglia signaling with TNF-
α, IL-1α, and C1q induces a neurotoxic astrocytic phenotype, classified as A1, A1-like, or …

Astrocytes play a pivotal role in maintaining the central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis
and function. In response to CNS injuries and diseases, reactive astrocytes are triggered. By …

There is a huge need for novel therapeutic and preventative approaches to Alzheimer's
disease (AD) and neuroinflammation seems to be one of the most fascinating solutions. The …

Excitotoxicity is a phenomenon that describes the toxic actions of excitatory
neurotransmitters, primarily glutamate, where the exacerbated or prolonged activation of …

Background Activated astrocytes play important roles in chronic post-surgical pain (CPSP).
Recent studies have shown reactive astrocytes are classified into A1 and A2 phenotypes …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by neural cells play an essential role in brain
homeostasis and the crosstalk between neural cells and the periphery. EVs are diverse …

Blood-brain barrier disruption occurs in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. Recent
studies indicate a link between blood-brain barrier dysfunction and cognitive decline and …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, affecting 35 million people
worldwide. One pathological feature of progressing AD is the loss of synapses. This is the …

Abstract Aims Reactive astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have traditionally been
demonstrated by increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity; however …

Free d-amino acids (d-AAs) are emerging as a novel and important class of signaling
molecules in many organs, including the brain and endocrine systems. There has been …