Predictions of the Earth system, such as weather forecasts and climate projections, require
models informed by observations at many levels. Some methods for integrating models and …

Spaceborne radars offer a unique three‐dimensional view of the atmospheric components
of the Earth's hydrological cycle. Existing and planned spaceborne radar missions provide …

In Part 2 of this two‐part paper, documentation is provided of key aspects of a version of the
AM4. 0/LM4. 0 atmosphere/land model that will serve as a base for a new set of climate and …

As the atmosphere warms, part of the cloud population shifts from ice and mixed-phase
('cold') to liquid ('warm') clouds. Because warm clouds are more reflective and longer-lived …

The development of the climate model MRI-ESM2 (Meteorological Research Institute Earth
System Model version 2), which is planned for use in the sixth phase of the Coupled Model …

This article discusses some of the challenges that have limited progress in quantifying the
radiative forcing associated with aerosol–cloud interactions (ACI) in warm (liquid-water) …

Aerosol–cloud interactions are one of the most uncertain processes in climate models due to
their nonlinear complexity. A key complexity arises from the possibility that clouds can …

Global climate models (GCMs) disagree with other lines of evidence on the rapid
adjustments of cloud cover and liquid water path to anthropogenic aerosols. Attempts to use …

The impact of aerosol number concentration on cloud albedo is a persistent source of
spread in global climate predictions due to multi-scale, interactive atmospheric processes …

A comprehensive two‐moment microphysics scheme is incorporated into the MIROC6‐
SPRINTARS general circulation model (GCM). The new scheme includes prognostic …