The T lymphocyte, especially its capacity for antigen-directed cytotoxicity, has become a
central focus for engaging the immune system in the fight against cancer. Basic science …

Programmed Death-1 (PD-1; CD279) is an inhibitory receptor induced in activated T cells.
PD-1 engagement by its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, maintains peripheral tolerance but also …

CD28 and CTLA-4 are members of a family of immunoglobulin-related receptors that are
responsible for various aspects of T-cell immune regulation. The family includes CD28 …

Combined immunotherapy targeting the immune checkpoint receptors cytotoxic T-
lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), or CTLA-4 …

Recent years have seen significant efforts in understanding and modulating the immune
response in cancer. In this context, immunosuppressive cells, including regulatory T cells …

The distinction between innate and adaptive immunity is one of the basic tenets of
immunology. The co-operation between these two arms of the immune system is a major …

Adoptive immunotherapy with Tregs is a promising approach for preventing or treating type
1 diabetes. Islet antigen–specific Tregs have more potent therapeutic effects than polyclonal …

Simple Summary Immunotherapy helps a person's immune system to target tumor cells.
Recent advances in cancer immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint inhibition …

Regulatory T (Treg) cells constitute a dynamic population that is essential for controlling
immune responses in health and disease. Defects in Treg cell function and decreases in …

It is assumed that anti-CTLA-4 antibodies cause tumor rejection by blocking negative
signaling from B7-CTLA-4 interactions. Surprisingly, at concentrations considerably higher …