Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are derivatives of molecular oxygen (O 2) involved in
various physiological and pathological processes. In immune cells, ROS are mediators of …

The tumor microenvironment plays a critical role in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis,
and resistance to therapy. It is different from normal tissue in the extracellular matrix …

Since the discovery of the key role of cathepsin K in bone resorption, cysteine cathepsins
have been investigated by pharmaceutical companies as drug targets. The first clinical …

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a common, malignant musculoskeletal tumor in young people.
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy has improved the survival of osteosarcoma patients but with …

Cysteine cathepsins are key regulators of the innate and adaptive arms of the immune
system. Their expression, activity, and subcellular localization are associated with the …

Cathepsins are an important category of enzymes that have attracted great attention for the
delivery of drugs to improve the therapeutic outcome of a broad range of nanoscale drug …

Immune cells have the potential to control the growth of tumor. However, this effect could be
offset by immunosuppression associated with an increased production of reactive oxygen …

While chemotherapy strongly restricts or reverses tumor growth, the response of host tissue
to therapy can counteract its anti-tumor activity by promoting tumor re-growth and/or …

Macrophages are the first encounters of invading bacteria and are responsible for engulfing
and digesting pathogens through phagocytosis leading to initiation of the innate …

Human cysteine cathepsins constitute an 11-membered family of proteases responsible for
degradation of proteins in cellular endosomal–lysosomal compartments as such, they play …