Critical metals are technologically vital to the functionality of various emerging technologies,
yet they have a potentially unstable supply. This condition calls for strategic planning based …

Critical raw materials (CRMs) are essential in the development of novel high-tech
applications. They are essential in sustainable materials and green technologies, including …

Metal mining provides the elements required for the provision of energy, communication,
transport and more. The increasing uptake of green technology, such as electric vehicles …

The political economy of lithium, a “critical mineral” for the renewable energy transition, is
marked by two striking developments. First, Global North governments that have historically …

Cobalt is considered a critical raw material. Global cobalt demand is expected to quadruple
in the next four decades, due primarily to lithium-ion battery demand. Uniquely, this study …

Imbalances between metal supply and demand, real or anticipated, have inspired the
concept of metal criticality. We here characterize the criticality of 62 metals and metalloids in …

Metrics on resource productivity currently used by governments suggest that some
developed countries have increased the use of natural resources at a slower rate than …

In this study, we develop a method for calculating electric vehicle lithium-ion battery pack
performance and cost. To begin, we construct a model allowing for calculation of cell …

Access to clean, affordable and reliable energy has been a cornerstone of the world's
increasing prosperity and economic growth since the beginning of the industrial revolution …

This paper proposes a new value-based indicator to assess the performance of actors in the
supply chain in terms of resource efficiency and circular economy. Most of the …