Faithful maintenance of immune homeostasis relies on the capacity of the cellular immune
surveillance machinery to recognize" nonself", such as the presence of pathogenic RNA …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have a crucial role in the recognition of pathogens and initiation of
immune responses,–. Here we show that a previously uncharacterized protein encoded by …

Human blood CD14+ monocytes are bone marrow–derived white blood cells that sense and
respond to pathogens. Although innate immune activation by RNA viruses preferentially …

Type I interferon (IFN-I) is thought to play a role in many systemic autoimmune diseases. IFN-
I pathway activation is associated with pathogenic features, including the presence of …

Interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is a transcription factor activated by
phosphorylation in the cytoplasm of a virus-infected cell; by translocating to the nucleus, it …

Background The clinical course and outcome of many diseases differ between women and
men, with women experiencing a higher prevalence and more severe pathogenesis of …

Oligonucleotide-based therapeutics have become a reality, and are set to transform
management of many diseases. Nevertheless, the modulatory activities of these molecules …

Humoral immune responses initiate in the lymph node draining the site of viral infection
(dLN). Some viruses subvert LN B cell activation; however, our knowledge of viral hindrance …

Viral infection triggers the activation of transcription factor IRF3, and its activity is precisely
regulated for robust antiviral immune response and effective pathogen clearance. However …

Activation of endosomal Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7, TLR9, and TLR11/12 is a key event in the
resistance against the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Endosomal TLR engagement leads to …