▪ Abstract The calcium ion is firmly established as a ubiquitous intracellular second
messenger in plants. At their simplest, Ca2+-based signaling systems are composed of a …

Food security is in danger under the continuous growing threat of various stresses including
climate change and global warming, which ultimately leads to a reduction in crop yields …

Arabinogalactan glycoproteins (AGP s) are implicated in virtually all aspects of plant growth
and development, yet their precise role remains unknown. Classical AGP s cover the plasma …

Recent findings suggest a pivotal role for mitochondria-associated hexokinase in the
regulation of apoptosis in animal cells. In this study, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of a …

Pollen tube growth is crucial for the delivery of sperm cells to the ovule during flowering
plant reproduction. Previous in vitro imaging of Lilium longiflorum and Nicotiana tabacum …

Cadmium is a highly toxic heavy metal pollutant arising mainly from increasing industrial
disposal of electronic components. Due to its high solubility it easily enters soil and aquatic …

The Arabidopsis thaliana protein GOLGI-LOCALIZED NUCLEOTIDE SUGAR
TRANSPORTER (GONST1) has been previously identified as a GDP-d-mannose …

Ca2+ is required for protein processing, sorting, and secretion in eukaryotic cells, although
the particular roles of the transporters involved in the secretory system of plants are obscure …

Abstract Ca2+‐ATPases are P‐type ATPases that use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to pump
Ca2+ from the cytoplasm into intracellular compartments or into the apoplast. Plant cells …

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is caused by the stress-induced accumulation of
unfolded proteins in the ER. Several compounds are used to induce the unfolded protein …