The Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, an ion transport protein, is expressed in the plasma membrane
(PM) of virtually all animal cells. It extrudes Ca2+ in parallel with the PM ATP-driven Ca2+ …

Normal aging is associated with different changes in the cardiovascular system that lead to
an increase in pathological processes, such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, heart …

A critical question in hypertension research is: How is long-term blood pressure controlled?
Excessive NaCl ingestion or NaCl retention by the kidneys and the consequent tendency …

The mechanism of β-adrenergic relaxation was investigated in isolated smooth muscle cells.
β-adrenergic agents stimulate cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation, enhance Na+/K+ …

Abstract THE Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, driven by a transmembrane Na+ gradient, plays a key
role in regulating Ca2+ concentration in many cells1'2. Although the exchanger influences …

The classical experiments of RINGER (1883) were the first to provide evidence that calcium
plays a role in physiological processes. In recent years a considerable body of data on the …

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the regulation of intracellular calcium. The
chapter illustrates that Ca 2+ is uniquely important in the regulation of cell function because …

Today, it is generally recognized that insulin affects the transport of glucose, amino acids,
and ions across the plasma membrane. Perhaps it is not so well recognized that insulin …

II. DIVALENT CATIONS AS CHARGE CARRIERS 1.(a) Nerves and synapses (b)
Conclusions and functional significance 2.(a) Skeletal muscle (b) Conclusions and …

The first encounter was inauspicious. But the serendipity of the artifact did not escape
Ringer's attention. He wrote (Ringer 1883):" After the publication of a paper in the Journal of …