Small RNAs are short non-coding RNAs with a length ranging between 20 and 24
nucleotides. Of these, microRNAs (miRNAs) play a distinct role in plant development …

The final step of lignin biosynthesis is the polymerization of monolignols in apoplastic cell
wall domains. In this process, monolignols secreted by lignifying cells, or occasionally …

The functions of iron, manganese, copper, zinc, nickel, molybdenum, boron, and chlorine in
plants are discussed. Iron (Fe) plays a crucial role in redox systems in cells and various …

While the role of proteins in determining cell identity has been extensively studied, the
contribution of small noncoding RNA molecules such as miRNAs and siRNAs has been also …

Root growth control plays an important role in plant adaptation to drought stress, but the
underlying molecular mechanisms of this control remain largely elusive. Here, a root …

To expand the cultivation area of apple (Malus× domestica Borkh.) and select resistant
varieties by genetic engineering, it is necessary to clarify the mechanism of salt and osmotic …

Lodging under nitrogen (N)-luxury conditions substantially reduces crop yield and seed
quality. However, the molecular mechanisms of plant lodging resistance remain largely …

Light induces anthocyanin accumulation and hence decides the coloration of apple fruit. It
also plays a key role in regulating the biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites …

Plant reproductive organs are vulnerable to heat, but regulation of heat-shock responses in
inflorescence is largely uncharacterized. Here, we report that two of the SQUAMOSA …

Copper is a critical regulator of plant growth and development. However, the mechanisms by
which copper responds to virus invasion are unclear. We previously showed that SPL9 …