In the light of daunting global sustainability challenges such as climate change, biodiversity
loss and food security, improving our understanding of the complex dynamics of the Earth …

There are a number of methods that can be used to help assess carbon budgets at the site
to continental scales. Eddy covariance (EC) networks have been developed over the last …

This chapter addresses the biogeochemical cycles of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),
and nitrous oxide (N2O). The three greenhouse gases have increased in the atmosphere …

Recent global warming is acting across marine, freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystems to
favor species adapted to warmer conditions and/or reduce the abundance of cold-adapted …

Elevated CO2 concentrations increase photosynthesis and, potentially, net ecosystem
production (NEP), meaning a greater CO2 uptake. Climate, nutrients and ecosystem …

Human land-use activities have resulted in large changes to the Earth's surface, with
resulting implications for climate. In the future, land-use activities are likely to expand and …

Since 1750, land-use change and fossil fuel combustion has led to a 46% increase in the
atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) concentrations, causing global warming with substantial …

The future performance of native tree species under climate change conditions is frequently
discussed, since increasingly severe and more frequent drought events are expected to …

In the context of climate change, the effects of prolonged or more severe droughts on pest
and pathogen damage are a major concern for forest ecosystems. To date, there is great …

Afforestation and forest management are considered to be key instruments in mitigating
climate change. Here we show that since 1750, in spite of considerable afforestation, wood …