Despite the success of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade by angiotensin-converting
enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT 1 R) blockers, current …

Hypertension and heart failure (HF) are common diseases that, despite advances in medical
therapy, continue to be associated with high morbidity and mortality. Therefore, innovative …

Background—Clinical trials in heart failure have focused on the improvement in symptoms
or decreases in the risk of death and other cardiovascular events. Little is known about the …

As a family of hormones with pleiotropic effects, natriuretic peptide (NP) system includes
atrial NP (ANP), B-type NP (BNP), C-type NP (CNP), dendroaspis NP and urodilatin, with NP …

(BNP), and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) are the known members of the mammalian
natriuretic peptide system. The discovery of natriuretic peptides (NPs) dates back to 1981 …

In the 30 years since the identification of the natriuretic peptides, their involvement in
regulating fluid and blood pressure has become firmly established. Data indicating a role for …

Classical therapy of heart failure is based on treatment of its pre-disposing/triggering factors
and of the neurohumoral activation secondary to the deterioration of cardiac function. A new …

With the discovery of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), the heart as an endocrine organ was
established. Basic science revealed that ANP, through the particulate guanylyl cyclase A …

Objectives: This study sought to investigate plasma levels of circulating cardiac natriuretic
peptides, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type or brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), in the …

Objectives Hypertensive heart disease is a constellation of abnormalities that includes
cardiac fibrosis in response to elevated blood pressure, systolic and diastolic dysfunction …