During pregnancy, various immune effectors and molecules participating in the immune-
microenvironment establish specific maternal tolerance toward the semi-allogeneic fetus …

During placentation invasive extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) migrate into the maternal
uterus and modify its vessels. In particular, remodeling of the spiral arteries by EVTs is …

BACKGROUND In humans, inadequate trophoblast invasion into the decidua is associated
with the 'great obstetrical syndromes' which include pre-eclampsia, foetal growth restriction …

Abnormal placentation has been noticed in a variety of pregnancy complications such as
miscarriage, early-onset preeclampsia, and fetal growth restriction. Defects in the …

Rationale: Emerging evidence demonstrates that insufficient migration and invasion of
trophoblasts play critical roles in the pathogenesis of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) …

Compared with the nonpregnant state, normal pregnancy is characterized by a low-grade
systemic inflammatory response, which is further enhanced in preeclampsia. 17 It is …

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a multifunctional Th1 cytokine and one of the most
important inflammatory cytokines. In pregnancy, TNF-α influences hormone synthesis …

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) and preeclampsia (PE) are often associated with abnormal
maternal inflammation, deficient spiral artery (SA) remodeling, and altered uteroplacental …

Trophoblast migration and invasion through the decidua and maternal uterine spiral arteries
are crucial events in placentation. During this process, invasive trophoblast replace vascular …

The cytokine tumour necrosis factor α (TNF) is a well known member of the TNF superfamily
consisting of at least 18 ligands and 29 different receptors involved in numerous cellular …