Cancer vaccines aim to direct the immune system to eradicate cancer cells. Here we review
the essential immunologic concepts underpinning natural immunity and highlight the …

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have been approved for use in patients with B cell
malignancies or relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma, yet efficacy against most solid …

Over the past several decades, mRNA vaccines have evolved from a theoretical concept to a
clinical reality. These vaccines offer several advantages over traditional vaccine techniques …

The T cell receptor (TCR) complex is a naturally occurring antigen sensor that detects,
amplifies and coordinates cellular immune responses to epitopes derived from cell surface …

Recent advances in neoantigen research have accelerated the development of tumor
immunotherapies, including adoptive cell therapies (ACTs), cancer vaccines and antibody …

Neoantigen vaccines are based on epitopes of antigenic parts of mutant proteins expressed
in cancer cells. These highly immunogenic antigens may trigger the immune system to …

Expansion of antigen-experienced CD8+ T cells is critical for the success of tumour-
infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL)-adoptive cell therapy (ACT) in patients with cancer. Interleukin-2 …

Recurrence of advanced melanoma after therapy is a major risk factor for reduced survival,
and treatment options are limited. Antitumor immune memory plays a critical role in …

Adoptive cell therapy using T cell receptor-engineered T cells (TCR-T) is a promising
approach for cancer therapy with an expectation of no significant side effects. In the human …

Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) using in vitro expanded tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) has
inconsistent clinical responses. To better understand determinants of therapeutic success …