Viral pathogens often induce strong effector CD4+ T cell responses that are best known for
their ability to help B cell and CD8+ T cell responses. However, recent studies have …

Adult bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells offer the potential to open a new
frontier in medicine. Regenerative medicine aims to replace effete cells in a broad range of …

Background Dietary selenium intakes in many countries, including the United Kingdom, are
lower than international recommendations. No functional consequences of these lower …

Adaptive immunity plays a crucial role in natural host defence against pathogens and
tumours, and is central to the long-term protective effect of vaccines. It is mediated by T and …

Nitric oxide (NO) has complex and diverse functions in physiological and pathophysiological
phenomena. The mechanisms of many events induced by NO are now well defined, so that …

The role of CD4+ T cells in the control of persistent viral infections beyond the provision of
cognate help remains unclear. We used polychromatic flow cytometry to evaluate the …

Cytolytic enzymes (CEs) are critical mediators of anti-viral and-tumor immunity; however, as
a number of molecules belong to this enzyme family, our understanding of CEs remains …

CD4 T cells that acquire cytotoxic phenotype and function have been repeatedly identified in
humans, mice, and other species in response to many diverse pathogens. Since CD4 …

Activating intra-tumor innate immunity might enhance tumor immune surveillance.
Virotherapy is proposed to achieve tumor cell killing, while indirectly activating innate …

Sepsis remains the primary cause of death from infection in hospital patients, despite
improvements in antibiotics and intensive-care practices. Patients who survive severe sepsis …