Clostridium difficile is a bacterial pathogen that is the leading cause of nosocomial antibiotic-
associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis worldwide. The incidence, severity …

The cell wall envelope of gram-positive bacteria is a macromolecular, exoskeletal organelle
that is assembled and turned over at designated sites. The cell wall also functions as a …

Cytosolic inflammasome complexes mediated by a pattern recognition receptor (PRR)
defend against pathogen infection by activating caspase 1. Pyrin, a candidate PRR, can …

Neutrophils are critical inflammatory cells that cause tissue damage in a range of diseases
and disorders. Being bone marrow-derived white blood cells, they migrate from the …

Large clostridial toxins (LCTs) are a family of bacterial exotoxins that infiltrate and destroy
target cells. Members of the LCT family include Clostridioides difficile toxins TcdA and TcdB …

Many bacterial pathogens produce protein toxins to outmanoeuvre the immune system of
the host. Some of these proteins target regulatory GTPases such as those belonging to the …

Interest in bacterial pathogenesis has recently increased because of antibiotic resistance,
the emergence of new pathogens and the resurgence of old ones, and the lack of effective …

Abstract Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a central regulator of the immune and inflammatory
responses. Recently, significant advances have been made in the area of IL-1 receptors and …

Clostridia produce the highest number of toxins of any type of bacteria and are involved in
severe diseases in humans and other animals. Most of the clostridial toxins are pore-forming …

Rho GTPases regulate many important processes in all eukaryotic cells, including the
organization of the actin cytoskeleton, gene transcription, cell cycle progression, and …