Iron is a transition metal and essential constituent of almost all living cells and organisms. As
component of various metalloproteins it is involved in critical biochemical processes such as …

There is significant evidence that, in living systems, free radicals and other reactive oxygen
and nitrogen species play a double role, because they can cause oxidative damage and …

The transition metal iron is essential for life, yet potentially toxic iron-catalyzed reactive
oxygen species (ROS) are unavoidable in an oxygen-rich environment. Iron and ROS are …

The ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein kinase is activated by DNA double-strand
breaks (DSBs) through the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) DNA repair complex and …

Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) constitutes one of the major
checkpoint (s) of apoptotic and necrotic cell death. Recently, the permeabilization of yet …

Exposure of cells to sublethal oxidative stress results in the modulation of various signaling
pathways. Oxidants can activate and inactivate transcription factors, membrane channels …

Lysosomes are the key degradative compartments of the cell. Lysosomal cathepsins, which
are enclosed in the lysosomes, help to maintain the homeostasis of the cell's metabolism by …

It is now generally accepted that aging and eventual death of multicellular organisms is to a
large extent related to macromolecular damage by mitochondrially produced reactive …

For many years apoptosis research has focused on caspases and their putative role as sole
executioners of programmed cell death. Accumulating information now suggests that …

Iron and oxygen share a delicate partnership since both are indispensable for survival, but if
the partnership becomes inadequate, this may rapidly terminate life. Virtually all cell …