Atmospheric transport and suspension of dust frequently brings electrification, which may be
substantial. Electric fields of 10 kV m− 1 to 100 kV m− 1 have been observed at the surface …

Understanding the habitability of both past and present Mars continues to evoke scientific
interest, particularly now that there is growing evidence of previous, vastly available liquid …

Laboratory simulation is the only feasible way to achieve Martian environmental conditions
on Earth, establishing a key link between the laboratory and Mars exploration. The mineral …

Electric discharges were detected directly in the cloudy atmospheres of Earth, Jupiter, and
Saturn, are debatable for Venus, and indirectly inferred for Neptune and Uranus in our solar …

Numerous laboratory experiments, starting in the Viking Lander era, have reported that
frictional interactions between Martian analog dust grains can catalyze electrostatic …

Detailed observations of the solar system planets reveal a wide variety of local atmospheric
conditions. Astronomical observations have revealed a variety of extrasolar planets none of …

The large natural metabolic diversity of microorganisms has allowed them to survive in very
harsh conditions of high temperature, high ionizing radiation, and high concentrations of …

Dust devils–rotating vortices of lofted particulates formed by convection from solar heating-
are a prevalent aspect of Martian weather. Within a dust devil, particles become charged …

Natural electromagnetic (EM) signals of extremely low frequencies (ELF, 3 Hz–3 kHz) can
be used to study many of the electromagnetic processes and properties occurring in the …

The existence of volcanic lightning and alteration of the atmospheric potential gradient in the
vicinity of near-vent volcanic plumes provides strong evidence for the charging of volcanic …