Objectives: Our aims are, first, to describe the sex difference in the length ratio of the second
and fourth digits (2D: 4D), which likely reflects prenatal testosterone levels in humans …

The ratio between the hands' second to the fourth finger (2D: 4D) is commonly hypothesized
to result from prenatal testosterone. The 2D: 4D has also been hypothesized to relate to …

Recently, a number of authors have claimed that sexual dimorphism in the second-to-fourth
digit ratio (2D: 4D) is simply dependent on digit length and is an artifact of allometry. The …

In the last few years, several studies have questioned the value of the second-to-fourth digit
ratio (2D: 4D) as a measure of exposure to sex hormones before birth. Controversy has also …

The capacity to infer others' mental states (known as 'mind reading'and 'cognitive empathy')
is essential for social interactions across species, and its impairment characterizes …

Objective Sex differences are often reported in digit lengths and digit ratio (2D: 4D).
However, the ontogeny of these sex differences and their interrelationships are less well …

Fetal and adult testosterone may be vital in the establishment and maintenance of sex‐
dependent abilities associated with male physical competitiveness. It has been shown that …

Abstract Objectives Digit ratio (2D: 4D) might reflect prenatal testosterone exposure and has
been used as a putative marker for androgen related outcomes. However, such associations …

Latent toxoplasmosis is known to influence the morphology of infected persons and also
increases the probability of the birth of male offspring in both humans and mice. All these …

It has been widely reported that men have a lower ratio of the 2nd and 4th human finger
lengths (2D: 4D). Size-scaling ratios, however, have the seldom-appreciated potential for …