Roots are near‐ubiquitous components of soils globally but have often been regarded as
separate from the soil rather than a substantial factor in determining what soil is and how it …

More than half a billion years ago a streptophyte algal lineage began terraforming the
terrestrial habitat and the Earth's atmosphere. This pioneering step enabled the subsequent …

The evolution of land plants during the Palaeozoic era transformed Earth's biosphere.
Because the Earth's surface and interior are linked by tectonic processes, the linked …

Cryptogamic covers extend over vast polar tundra regions and their main components, eg,
bryophytes and lichens, are frequently the first visible colonizers of deglaciated areas. To …

The mid-Paleozoic colonization of land by plants induced profound changes in the Earth's
surface environments. However, it remains poorly understood how the earliest vascular …

Devonian evolution of woodlands has been envisaged as a protracted increase in size of
vascular plants, which can be reconstructed from fossil stumps and trunks. However, Late …

Rocky desertification is the most serious ecological disaster in karst areas. Comprehensive
control of rocky desertification plays an important role in promoting the economic …

The evolution of the first plant‐based terrestrial ecosystems in the early Palaeozoic had a
profound effect on the development of soils, the architecture of sedimentary systems, and …

Correlative imaging provides a method of investigating complex systems by combining
analytical (chemistry) and imaging (tomography) information across dimensions (2D-3D) …

The world in which we live is a world of action, of machines and living things doing work.
The work varies and changes, as do the contraptions and organisms doing it; but there is …