Translation is a key step in the regulation of gene expression and one of the most energy-
consuming processes in the cell. In response to various stimuli, multiple signaling pathways …

The epidemic of type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance is one of the main causes
of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In both disorders, tissues such as muscle, fat and liver …

One signal that is overactivated in a wide range of tumour types is the production of a
phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol (3, 4, 5) trisphosphate, by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase …

The evolutionarily conserved checkpoint protein kinase, TOR (target of rapamycin), has
emerged as a major effector of cell growth and proliferation via the regulation of protein …

Tuberous sclerosis (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the formation
of hamartomas in a wide range of human tissues. Mutation in either the TSC1 or TSC2 …

The progressive loss of muscle strength during aging is a common degenerative event of
unclear pathogenesis. Although muscle functional decline precedes age-related changes in …

The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) integrates mitogen and nutrient
signals to control cell proliferation and cell size. Hence, mTORC1 is implicated in a large …

Developing animals frequently adjust their growth programs and/or their maturation or
metamorphosis to compensate for growth disturbances (such as injury or tumor) and ensure …

Target of rapamycin (TOR) is an evolutionarily conserved nutrient-sensing protein kinase
that regulates growth and metabolism in all eukaryotic cells. Studies in flies, worms, yeast …

Cell growth (an increase in cell mass and size through macromolecular biosynthesis) and
cell cycle progression are generally tightly coupled, allowing cells to proliferate continuously …