The tumor microenvironment is essential for the formation and development of tumors.
Cytokines in the microenvironment may affect the growth, metastasis and prognosis of …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a worldwide disease characterized by the chronic and
irreversible decline of lung function. Currently, there is no drug to successfully treat the …

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the clinical characteristics, outcomes, and patterns of association
with the different biologic agents used in all reported cases of adult patients developing …

Epithelial tumor metastasis is preceded by an accumulation of collagen cross-links that
heighten stromal stiffness and stimulate the invasive properties of tumor cells. However, the …

Asbestos causes asbestosis (pulmonary fibrosis caused by asbestos inhalation) and
malignancies (bronchogenic carcinoma and mesothelioma) by mechanisms that are not fully …

Dysregulated amphiregulin (AR) expression and EGR receptor (EGFR) activation have been
described in animal models of pulmonary fibrosis and in patients with idiopathic pulmonary …

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) in infants and children comprises a large spectrum of rare
respiratory disorders that are mostly chronic and associated with high morbidity and …

Pulmonary fibrosis is characterised by fibroblast accumulation and alveolar epithelium
denudation. Increased apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells and decreased apoptosis of …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a prevalent smoking-related disease for
which no disease-altering therapies currently exist. As dysregulated TGF-β signaling …

Dysregulated repair of lung injury often results in lung fibrosis characterized by unremitting
deposition of matrix components including glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA). HA is …