Mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet quadrupled over the past two decades, contributing
a quarter of the observed global sea-level rise. Increased submarine melting is thought to …

In recent decades, the land-ocean aquatic continuum, commonly defined as the interface, or
transition zone, between terrestrial ecosystems and the open ocean, has undergone …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

The retreat and acceleration of Greenland glaciers since the mid-1990s have been
attributed to the enhanced intrusion of warm Atlantic Waters (AW) into fjords, but this …

Rapid ice loss from the Greenland ice sheet since 1992 is due in equal parts to increased
surface melting and accelerated ice flow. The latter is conventionally attributed to ocean …

Rates of ice mass loss at the calving margins of tidewater glaciers (frontal ablation rates) are
a key uncertainty in sea level rise projections. Measurements are difficult because mass lost …

The Fourth IPCC Assessment Report concluded that ice sheet flow models, in their current
state, were unable to provide accurate forecast for the increase of polar ice sheet discharge …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

Mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) has increased over the last two decades in
response to changes in global climate, motivating the scientific community to question how …

Glacier change is ubiquitous, but the fastest and largest magnitude changes occur in
glaciers that terminate in water. This includes the most rapidly retreating glaciers, and also …