Online mapping technologies such as Google Maps and Street View have become
increasingly accessible. These technologies have many convenient uses in everyday life …

The creation of a digital representation of the Earth and its associated data is a complex and
difficult task. The incredible size of geospatial data and differences between data sets pose …

Fine-grained environmental data across large extents are needed to resolve the processes
that impact species communities from local to global scales. Ground-based images (GBIs) …

The visual perception of streets plays an important role in urban planning, and contributes to
the quality of residents' lives. However, evaluation of the visual perception of streetscapes …

Describing spatial patterns of phenotypic traits can be important for evolutionary and
ecological studies. However, traditional approaches, such as fieldwork, can be time …

This book examines current knowledge on the evolution, ecology, and conservation biology
of both New World vultures (Cathartidae) and Old World vultures (Accipitridae). Extinct …

Invasive alien plants are considered a major driver of global biodiversity loss. Therefore,
there is a huge demand of spatial and temporal data on their distribution for investigating …

Citizen science programs using organism photographs have become popular, but there are
two problems related to photographs. One problem is the low quality of photographs. It is …

The advertising of unhealthy food and beverages forms an important component of
obesogenic environments. Such marketing to children is a key health determinant because …

Human activities have caused a significant change in the function and services that
ecosystems have provided to society since historical times. In mountainous landscapes, the …